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Trail:

Ecosystems

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Scientific papers - Ecosystems - page 9

 

New Variant CJD
 
The pathology of Nv CJD duplicates the pathology of BSE(129, 106) suggesting that human and bovine victims are suffering from the same 'strain' of TSE. Nv CJD and BSE are either indirectly related; in that they have originated from an independent exposure to the same environmental agent, or they are directly related; in that humans contracted nvCJD from horizontal exposure to 'prions' via a route of ingestion or vaccination with BSE affected bovine CNS tissues.
With only 36 total cases of nvCJD reported to date, plus very limited collated data of the medical histories, occupations or spatio-temporal epidemiology of these cases in the public domain, it is virtually impossible to draw any scientifically based conclusions.
However, many of these cases have emerged as mini focal clusters in rural pockets with cases occurring in adjoining villages - similar to the rural foci characteristic of sporadic CJD (41, 173, 61, 147, 148, 62, 174, 175, 176).
The most renowned cluster involves seven cases to date that are centred in the Weald district of mid Kent, SE England. Interestingly, the Weald is a unique agricultural district in that hops and top fruit are intensively grown there. According to a survey carried out in 1980 (177) by the Hop Farmers Association, hop farms and orchards adjoin all of those villages which have been associated with cases of nv CJD - High Haldon, Mersham, Bethersden, Sissinghurst, East Peckham.
Mn fertilizer sprays and cation-based pesticides such as maneb/mancozeb/diquat and systemic Cu chelating organo dithiophosphates are used more intensively on hops and fruit than on other types of crop in the UK (131, 132, 178, 179). According to MAFF pesticide usage surveys (131, 132), systemic OPs were used 100 times more intensively on hops during 1983, in kg per acre per year, than on the common arable crops grown all over the UK. This potentially places the levels of pesticide particulates in the atmospheres of the Kentish Weald valleys during the spray season at the highest ranking in the UK.
An interesting paper demonstrated a high incidence rate of sporadic CJD amongst market gardeners and farmers in Australia, where 83 out of a total of 241 confirmed CJD cases belonged to this occupational category. (174)
All surveys to date have only investigated the unproven, unilateral assumption that new variant CJD is caused by ingestion of bovine tissues infected with BSE. Whilst this represents one important direction that has to be addressed, surveys should also investigate the wider perspectives of the environments surrounding these focal clusters, so that equally important questions raised by the various alternative theories are properly investigated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


My gratitude is extended to the following for their generous assistance in providing vital contacts / answering queries, etc. regarding the epidemiology of the respective TSE clusters in their country. Dr Eva Mitrova, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine Bratislave, Slovakia. Dr Sigurdur Sigurdarson, Central Vet Laboratory, Keldur, Iceland. Professor Beth Williams, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Dr Mike Miller, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins, Co, USA. Also to Dr David Brown, Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, UK, for encouragement and enlightening discussion.

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